We compared genome synteny and orthologous relationships among bird genomes. We also predicted 153 microRNAs (miRNAs), 69 rRNAs, 226 tRNAs, and 206 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) in the goose genome (Additional file 1: Table S7).įull size table Comparative genomic analysis The repeat content of the goose genome is similar to that of chicken, duck, turkey, and zebra finch (Additional file 1: Table S6). We found that 77.7% of the identified genes were well supported by public protein databases (Additional file 1: Table S5). By combining homology-based, ab initio prediction and transcriptome-assisted methods, we predicted 16,150 genes (Additional file 1: Table S3), 75.7% of which are supported by homology-based evidence (Additional file 1: Table S4), and 77.7% are covered by transcriptome reads (Table 1). The average GC content of the goose genome is approximately 38%, similar to that of other birds such as chicken, duck, turkey, and zebra finch (Additional file 2: Figure S1). Our assembly covered >98% of the transcriptome-assembled unigenes (Additional file 1: Table S2), indicating that the genome sequence was of high quality.
#Goose goose duck codes software
Sequence data were assembled into a 1.12-Gb draft genome using SOAPdenovo software (Table 1). We sequenced an individual Anser cygnoides genome using an Illumina HiSeq-2000 instrument, obtaining approximately 139.55 Gb with small-insert-size libraries (200 bp, 500 bp, or 800 bp average read length: 100 bp) and large-insert-size libraries (2 kb, 5 kb, 10 kb, or 20 kb average read length: 49 bp Additional file 1: Table S1). The results of this study may be useful for genetic breeding programs with geese and other waterfowls, and may serve as an important reference for the study of lipid metabolism disorders in humans. In order to determine special characteristics of geese, we sequenced and analyzed the complete goose genome. Previous studies have shown that the serum enzyme levels of overfed geese are similar to those observed in humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, suggesting that the unique fat storage and metabolic characteristics of goose liver may be an important reference for the study of lipid metabolism disorders in humans. In agricultural production, this particular phenotype is manifested following short-term overfeeding (approximately 2 to 3 weeks), resulting in fatty livers and a 5- to 10-fold increase in liver size. Second, compared to other birds, the goose liver has a high capacity for fat accumulation, although geese do not normally develop liver fibrosis or necrosis. First, they exhibit a low susceptibility to certain avian viruses, showing little or no symptoms while still acting as a virus carrier, making them a natural repository for certain avian viruses. Compared with other terrestrial poultry (for example, chicken and turkey), waterfowl, such as ducks and geese possess uniquely favorable economic traits. Geese play an important role in agricultural economics, with China producing the vast majority (94%) of the approximately 2.23 million tons of goose meat consumed worldwide annually, followed by Egypt, Hungary, and Poland.
The findings in this study are useful not only for genetic breeding programs, but also for studying lipid metabolism disorders. This is the first report describing the complete goose genome sequence and contributes to genomic resources available for studying aquatic birds.
The results of this study show that deletion of the goose lep gene might be the result of positive selection, thus allowing the liver to adopt energy storage mechanisms for long-distance migration. In addition, analysis of transcriptome data further reveals a potential molecular mechanism involved in the susceptibility of geese to fatty liver disease and its associated symptoms, including high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and low levels of cholesterol. Comparative genomics indicate that significant differences occur between the goose genome and that of other terrestrial bird species, particularly regarding major histocompatibility complex, Myxovirus resistance, Retinoic acid-inducible gene I, and other genes related to disease resistance in geese. ResultsĪ draft sequence of the whole-goose genome was obtained by shotgun sequencing, and 16,150 protein-coding genes were predicted.
Here, we sequence and analyze the whole-genome sequence of an economically important goose breed in China and compare it with that of terrestrial bird species. Geese are capable of rapid growth, disease resistance, and high liver lipid storage capacity, and can be easily fed coarse fodder. Geese were domesticated over 6,000 years ago, making them one of the first domesticated poultry.
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